There's nothing that's going to be accessible out-of-box, because the hard part of this isn't the custom post type or even the taxonomies associated with that, but the actual front-end filtering UI. What you could do, assuming the Jetpack portfolio feature lets you have project categories, is to enter your data, and then create a separate page called portfolio that doesn't loop through those posts, but acts as a landing page with links to your separate categories. This would also require a fair amount of manual work though since you're not looping through that custom post type and you need to keep track of its taxonomies.